SGRRU Research Entrance Test 2026: PhD Admission, Eligibility, Syllabus

Shri Guru Ram Rai University (SGRRU) has released the notification for its Research Entrance Test (RET) 2026, inviting applications for admission to its Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programs. This entrance test is a crucial step for aspiring researchers seeking to pursue advanced studies in various disciplines offered by the university. Candidates are advised to thoroughly review the eligibility criteria, exam pattern, and detailed syllabus provided in the official notification to prepare effectively for the RET March 2026.

Quick Overview

Eligibility Criteria

Educational Qualification

• Applicants must possess a Post Graduate Degree Examination with at least 55% marks or an equivalent Grade Point Average (GPA).
• A relaxation of 5% in the required percentage of marks will be given to applicants belonging to SC/ST/OBC (non-creamy layer)/differently-abled categories, meaning they need at least 50% marks.

Age Limit

Age limit details are not explicitly mentioned in the official notification. Candidates are generally expected to meet the minimum educational qualification.

Experience

Experience is a criterion for certain categories seeking exemption from the RET, as detailed below.

RET Exemption Criteria

Candidates fulfilling any of the following conditions are exempted from appearing in the Research Entrance Test (RET). However, they must still submit the application form along with relevant supporting documents within the stipulated period.

• Qualified in NET/SET/GATE/GPAT examination conducted by apex bodies such as CSIR/UGC/ICAR/ICMR/DBT/AICTE.
• Hold an M.Phil. Degree in a relevant subject obtained from any Recognized University.
• Are Senior citizens (age 60 years and above) with a Master’s degree.
• Candidates such as Advocate/Doctor/Artist/Industry Professional/Employee of Government/Semi-Government Organizations with a Post Graduate Degree (at least 55% marks) and 10 years of professional experience.

Admission Process

The admission process for the PhD program at SGRRU involves two main stages:

1. Research Entrance Test (RET): A written examination consisting of two papers.
2. Viva Voce Examination: Candidates who qualify the written test will be called for a viva voce.

The final list of selected candidates will be displayed on the University website.

Research Entrance Test (RET) Pattern

The Research Entrance Test (RET) will comprise two papers:

• Both papers consist of multiple-choice questions (MCQs).
• The total duration for both papers combined is 120 minutes.
• Applicants must secure a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate to qualify the entrance test. For candidates belonging to reserved categories (SC/ST/OBC non-creamy layer/differently-abled), the minimum aggregate qualifying mark is 45%.
• Qualified candidates from the written examination will proceed to a Viva Voce examination of 40 marks.

Detailed Syllabus

The RET consists of Paper-I (Research Methodology) and Paper-II (Subject-Specific). The detailed syllabus for Paper-I and various subject-specific areas for Paper-II are as follows:

RET Paper I: Research Methodology

Unit I-Concept & Types of Research

• Meaning and importance of Research – Types of Research – Selection and formulation of Research Problem – Research Design, Classification of Research, Pure and Applied Research, Exploring or Formulative Research, Descriptive Research, Diagnostic Research/Study, Evaluation research/Studies, Action Research, Experimental Research, Analytical Study of Statistical Method, Historical Research.

Unit II -Methods Research

• Surveys, Case Study, Field Studies General Survey of various Methods including Survey Method, Interdisciplinary Method, Case Study Method, Sampling Method, Statistical Method, Observation Method, Interview Method, Schedule Method, Questionnaire Method, Documentary Method, Library Method, Historical Method and Scientific Method.
• Characteristic Features of Scientific Method; Empirical Verifiable, Cumulative, Self – Correcting, Deterministic, Ethical & Ideological neutrality (Value Free), Statistical Generalizability.

Unit III – Data Collection and Data Analysis

• Collection, Objectives and Classification of Data, Aims, Methods and Objects of Tabulation of Data, Forms and Processes of Interpretation and Presentation of Data.
• Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Data. Construction and adaptation of instruments, administration of questions and tests, Tabulation of data.
• Data organization in SPSS & Excel, Graphical representation of data.
• Definition and Aims of Content Analysis, Problems of Content Analysis, Computer and Content Analysis Discussion and Interpretation of results, Testing of Hypothesis: Logical and Statistical Techniques.

Unit IV: Report Writing

• Locating Information on a Topic of Interest, Acquiring Copies of Articles of Interest, The Nature of Scientific Variables, Conceptual Versus Operational Definitions of Variables, Levels of Measurement, Various Paradigms, The Basic Format for a Research Report, Identification of the Parts of a Research Report, Citation and Referencing Styles, Essentials of Report Writing, Aids for Writing Good Research Report.

References for Research Methodology:

1. Bagchi, Kanak Kanti (2007) Research Methodology in Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, Delhi, Abijeet Publications.
2. Kothari, C.R (2004) Research Methodology: An Introduction, Delhi, New Age.

RET Paper II: Subject Specific

Soil Science

UNIT-I

• Soil fertility and soil productivity; nutrient sources – fertilizers and manures; essential plant nutrients – functions and deficiency symptoms, soil and fertilizer nitrogen – sources, forms, immobilization and mineralization, nitrification, denitrification. Biological nitrogen fixation -types, mechanism, microorganisms and factors affecting; nitrogenous fertilizers and their fate in soils; management of fertilizer nitrogen in lowland and upland conditions for high fertilizer use efficiency.
• Soil and fertilizer phosphorus – forms, immobilization, mineralization, reactions in acid and alkali soils; factors affecting phosphorus availability in soils; phosphatic fertilizers – behavior in soils and management under field conditions.
• Potassium – forms, equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance; mechanism of potassium fixation; management of potassium fertilizers under field conditions, sulphur – source, forms, fertilizers and their behavior in soils; calcium and magnesium- factors affecting their availability in soils; management of sulphur, calcium and magnesium fertilizers.
• Micronutrients – critical limits in soils and plants; factors affecting their availability and correction of their deficiencies in plants; role of chelates in nutrient availability.
• Common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendations; quantity- intensity relationships; soil test crop response correlations and response functions, fertilizer use efficiency; blanket fertilizer recommendations – usefulness and limitations.
• Site- specific nutrient management; plant need based nutrient management; integrated nutrient management, soil fertility evaluation – biological methods, soil, plant and tissue tests; soil quality in relation to sustainable agriculture.

UNIT-II

• Soil colloids: inorganic and organic colloids – origin of charge, concept of point of zero-charge (PZC) and its dependence on variable-charge soil components, surface charge characteristics of soils. Diffuse double layer theories of soil colloids, zeta potential, stability, coagulation/flocculation and peptization of soil colloids; electrometric properties of soil colloids; sorption properties of soil colloids.
• Soil organic matter – fractionation of soil organic matter and different fractions, clay-organic interactions.
• Ion exchange processes in soil; cation exchange- theories based on law of mass action (Kerr-Vanselow, Gapon equations, hysteresis, Jenny’s concept), adsorption isotherms, donnan- membrane equilibrium concept, clay-membrane electrodes and ionic activity measurement,; anion and ligand exchange – innersphere and outer-sphere surface complex formation.
• Fixation of oxyanions, hysteresis in sorption-desorption of oxy-anions and anions, shift of PZC on ligand exchange, AEC, CEC; experimental methods to study ion exchange phenomena.

UNIT-III

• Concept of soil individual; soil classification systems – historical developments and modern systems of soil classification with special emphasis on soil taxonomy; soil classification, soil mineralogy and soil maps – usefulness.
• Soil survey and its types; soil survey techniques – conventional and modern; soil series – characterization and procedure for establishing soil series; benchmark soils and soil correlations; soil survey interpretations; soil mapping, thematic soil maps, cartography, mapping units, techniques for generation of soil maps.

UNIT-IV

• Preparation of solutions for standard curves, analytical reagents, qualitative reagents, indicators and standard solutions for acid-base, oxidation reduction and complexometric titration.
• Soil, water and plant sampling techniques, their processing and handling.
• Estimation of phosphorus, ammonium and potassium fixation capacities of soils.
• Principles of visible, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometery, atomic absorption, flame-photometry, inductively coupled plasma spectrometry; chromatographic techniques.
• Electrochemical titration of clays; estimation of exchangeable cations (Na, Ca, Mg, K); estimation of root cation exchange capacity. Analysis of soil and plant samples for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B and Mo. Analysis of plant materials by digesting plant materials by wet and dry ashing and of soil by wet digestion method.

Seed Science and Technology

Unit I

• Seed Biology, Floral biology, mode of reproduction, sporogenesis, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit and seed development and physiological and harvestable maturity. Apomixes, parthenocarpy, polyembryony and somatic embryoids and synthetic seeds.
• Seed structure of monocot and dicot. Seed maturation and maturation drying in orthodox and recalcitrant seed. Seed chemical composition.
• Seed dormancy – types, causes, methods to overcome dormancy. Seed germination – phases, types and requirements. Physiological and biochemical changes in germinating seed. Role of hormones in dormancy and germination.

Unit II

• Seed Production Genetic purity – concept and factors responsible for deterioration of varieties. Maintenance breeding. Generation system of seed multiplication.
• Seed production agencies – public and private. Compact area approach / seed village concept in seed production. Seed Replacement Rate, Seed Multiplication Ratio, Seed Renewal Period, Varietal Replacement Rate. Seed production planning.
• Factors affecting pollination and seed set viz., temperature, humidity, wind velocity, insect pollinators and supplementary pollination. Male sterility, self-incompatibility and their role in hybrid seed production. Techniques of hybrid seed production – emasculation and pollination, detasseling, male sterility, sex expression, self-incompatibility and chemical hybridizing agents.
• Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of cereals– wheat, paddy, sorghum, pearl millet and maize; pulses – chickpea, pigeon pea, green gram, black gram, soybean and cowpea; oilseeds – groundnut, brassica, sesame, sunflower and castor; fibre crops – cotton and jute; vegetable crops – tomato, brinjal, okra, chilli, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, knolkhol, turnip, carrot and cucurbitaceous crops; important forage legumes – lucerne, desmanthus and grasses – cumbunapier and fodder sorghum ; plantation crops – coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa, cardamom, coconut and pepper.
• Disease free clonal propagation of crops – potato, sugarcane, tapioca, fruit crops – mango, citrus. apple, pear, plum. Clonal propagation of annual and perennial flowers like rose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, marigold, dahlia, phlox and petunia. Clonal standards and degenerations. Micro propagation.

Unit III (Note: PDF has two Unit II sections, assuming this is Unit III)

• Seed Processing, Principles of seed processing. Processing sequence for different crops. Layout of seed processing unit.
• Seed drying – principles and methods. Pre-cleaning, grading, upgrading, seed treatment and packaging.
• Working principles of seed processing machines viz., cleaner cum grader, specific gravity separator, indented cylinder separator and seed treater.
• Seed quality maintenance during processing. Seed enhancement techniques – seed coating, pelleting and priming.

Unit IV

• Seed Quality Control Seed legislation – the Seeds Act 1966, Seed Rules 1968, Seed Control Order, 1983 and Seed Bill2004.
• Seed certification history, concept, organization, phases and Indian.minimum seed certification standards. Field inspection principles and methods. Inspection at harvesting, threshing and processing. Pre-and post-processing quality testing of seed.
• Seed testing concepts and objectives, its role in seed quality control. Seed sampling, seed moisture testing, purity analysis, germination testing, tolerance limit and seed testing equipments. Quick viability test and seed standards.
• Seed vigour, its significance and testing methods. Testing for genuineness of varieties – principles and methods based on seed, seedling and plant characters, biochemical techniques – electrophoresis of proteins and isoenzymes and DNA fingerprinting.
• International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), its role in development of seed testing procedures, rules and seed quality assurance for international seed trade. OECD seed certification guideline -agricultural and vegetable crops.

Unit V

• Seed Storage Seed storage – principle – purpose and types – short, medium and long term storage. Factors affecting seed storage and role of moisture, temperature and relative humidity. Viability nomographs. Longevity of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds.
• Seed deterioration causes and methods of control. Physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in seed ageing. Controlled storage. Germplasm storage. Cryo preservation.
• Seed storage containers, types safe moisture content. Storage structures. Methods of stacking and their impact on seed quality. Seed storage godown maintenance and sanitation. Management of carry over seed.

Unit VI

• Seed Health Significance of seed health. Procedures for seed health test and rules. Externally and internally seed – borne pathogens, mode of infection, development and spread, methods of detection.
• Important seed-borne diseases of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, fibre crops, vegetables and their control measures. Quarantine and International procedures of phytosanitary certificates.
• Important storage pests, their identification, monitoring and detection. Use of pesticides, botanicals, mycotoxins for seed treatments. Carry over infestation, principles of fumigation and safe use of fumigants.

Unit VII

• Seed Industry Development and Marketing National and International seed industry development. Role of OECD and WTO in International seed trade. International Seed Federation (ISF).
• Market survey, demand forecasting, pricing policies, marketing channels, planning and sales promotion. Economics of seed production.
• Role of Government, semi Government, cooperative and private sectors in seed trade. Responsibilities of seed companies and dealers in Seed Act. Seed import and export.

Unit VIII

• Protection of Plant Varieties Plant Variety Protection (PVP) and its significance. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and its role in development of Plant Breeders Rights and Seed Industry Development. UPOV 1978 and 1991 Acts.
• Plant Breeders Rights and exceptions to it. Breeders exemption and farmers privilege. Plant patent v/s Plant breeders rights.
• Impact of PVP on seed supply system. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Right Act, 2001, its essential features. Criteria for protection of different types of plant varieties.
• DUS testing principles and application. Breeders, Researchers and farmers rights. Compulsory licensing. Indian Biological Diversity Act, its essential features. Access to Biological resources, benefit sharing.

Entomology (Agriculture)

Insect Morphology

• Principles, utility and relevance: insect body wall structure, cuticular outgrowths, colouration and special integumentary structures in insects, body tagmata, sclerites and segmentation, Head- Origin, structure and modification; types of mouthparts and antennae, tentorium and neck sclerites, Thorax- Areas and sutures of tergum, sternum and pleuron, pterothorax; Wings: structure and modifications, venation, wing coupling apparatus and mechanism of flight; Legs: structure and modifications, Abdomen- Segmentation and appendages; Genitalia and their modifications; embryonic and post-embryonic development; Types of metamorphosis.
• Insect sense organs (mechano-, photo- and chemo- receptors), Structure of different systems- digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory, reproductive, musculature, endocrine and exocrine glands.

Principles of Integrated Pest Management

• History and origin, definition and evolution of various related terminologies. Concept of IPM. Economic decision levels of insect pest population.
• Insect dominance, increase in agriculture pest problem, pest outbreak and factors affecting it; Categories of pest, Tools of pest management and their integration- legislative, cultural, physical and mechanical methods, host plant resistance, biological control, semi chemicals, botanicals and chemical control, insecticide resistance management; sampling, survey, surveillance and forecasting.
• Controversies, criticism and constraints in IPM. Case studies of successful IPM programmes. Pest control appliances and their maintenance.

Insect Taxonomy

• Brief evolutionary history of Insects- introduction to phylogeny of insects and Major Classification of Super class Hexapoda. Distinguishing characters, general biology, habits and habitats of Insect orders and economically important families of orders Collembola, Protura, Diplura.
• Class Insecta: Subclass Apterygota – Archaeognatha, Thysanura. Subclass: Pterygota, Division Palaeoptera- Odonata and Ephemeroptera. Division: Neoptera: Subdivision: Orthopteroid and Blattoid Orders (=Oligoneoptera: Plecoptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Grylloblattodea, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Mantophasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera), Subdivision: Hemipteroid orders (=Paraneoptera): Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera and Hemiptera, Distinguishing characters, general biology, habits and habitats of Insect orders and economically important families contained in them (Continued).
• Division Neoptera- Subdivision Endopterygota, Section Neuropteroid- Coleopteroid Orders: Strepsiptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuropterand Coleoptera, Section Panorpoid Orders. Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, and Section Hymenopteroid Orders: Hymenoptera.

Insect Physiology & Nutrition

• Scope and importance of insect physiology and nutrition, physiology of different systems- digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory, reproductive, musculature, endocrine and exocrine glands, thermodynamics; physiology of integument, moulting; growth, metamorphosis and diapauses, Insect nutrition- role of vitamins, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and other food constituents; extra and intra- cellular micro- organisms and their role in physiology; artificial diets.

Toxicology of Insecticides

• Definition and scope of insecticide toxicology; history of chemical control; pesticide use and pesticide industry in India, classification of insecticides and acaricides based on mode of entry, mode of action and chemical nature.
• Structure and mode of action of organo-chlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, tertiary amines, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, phenyl pyrozoles, insect growth regulators, microbials, botanicals, new promising compounds, etc., principles of toxicology; evaluation of insecticide toxicity; joint action of insecticides- synergism, potentiation and antagonism; factors affecting toxicity of insecticides; insecticide compatibility, selectivity and phytotoxicity, Insecticide metabolism; pest resistance to insecticides; mechanisms and types of resistance; insecticide resistance management and pest resurgence, Insecticide residues, their significance and environmental implications.
• Insecticide Act, registration and quality control of insecticides; safe use of insecticides; diagnosis and treatment of insecticide poisoning.

Pests of Field Crops

• Systematic position, identification, distribution, host-range, bionomics, nature and extent of damage, seasonal abundance and management of insect and mite pests and vectors, Insect pests of cereals and millets and their management.
• Polyphagous pests: grasshoppers, locusts, termites, white grubs, hairy caterpillars, and non-insect pests (mites, birds, rodents, snails, slugs etc.), Insect pests of pulses, tobacco, oilseeds and their management, Insect pests of fiber crops, forages, sugarcane and their management.

Biological Control of Crop Pests and Weeds

• History, principles and scope of biological control; important groups of parasitoids, predators and pathogens; principles of classical biological control- importation, augmentation and conservation, Biology, adaptation, host seeking behaviour of predatory and parasitic groups of insects.
• Role of insect pathogenic nematodes, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc., their mode of action. Biological control of weeds using insects, Mass production of quality biocontrol agents- techniques, formulations, economics, field release/application and evaluation, Successful biological control projects, analysis, trends and future possibilities of biological control.
• Importation of natural enemies- Quarantine regulations, biotechnology in biological control. Semiochemicals in biological control.

Storage Entomology

• Introduction, history and concepts of storage entomology. Post-harvest losses. Factors responsible for grain losses. Important pests namely insects, mites, rodents, birds and micro-organisms associated with stored grains and agricultural products.
• Association of stored grain insects with fungi and mites, their systematic position, identification, distribution, host range, biology, nature and extent of damage. Sources of infestation. Type of losses in stored grains and their effect on quality including biochemical changes.
• Ecology of insect pests of stored commodities. Stored grain deterioration process. Type of storage structures. Ideal storage conditions. Management of rodent and bird pests.
• Preventive and curative measures for the management of insect pests of stored grains. Characteristics of pesticides, their use and precautions in their handling with special emphasis on fumigants. Integrated approaches to stored grain pest management.

Pests of Horticultural and Plantation Crops

• Systematic position, identification, distribution, host range, bionomics and seasonal abundance, nature and extent of damage and management of insect pests of various crops, Fruit Crops- mango, guava, banana, jack, papaya, pomegranate, litchi, grapes, ber, fig, citrus, aonla, pineapple, apple, peach and other temperate fruits, Vegetable crops- tomato, potato, radish, carrot, beetroot, cole crops, french beans, chow-chow, brinjal, okra, all gourds, gherkin, drumstick, leafy vegetables etc., Plantation crop- coffee, tea, rubber, coconut, arecanut, cashew, cocoa etc.; Spices and Condiments- pepper, cardamom, clove, nutmeg, chillies, turmeric, ginger, beetlevine etc., Ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants and pests in polyhouses/ protected cultivation.

Insect Ecology

• History and Definition. Basic Concepts. Organisation of the Biological world. Life Tables and their application to insect biology. Survivorship curves. Case studies of insect life tables. Population dynamics- Factors affecting abundance- Environmental factors, dispersal and migration, Seasonality in insects. Classification and mechanisms of achieving different seasonality- Diapause (Quiescence) – aestivation, hibernation.
• Biotic factors- Food as a limiting factor for distribution and abundance, Nutritional Ecology. Food chain-web and ecological succession. Interspecific interactions-Basic factors governing the interspecific interactions.

Plant Pathology

Unit-I

• Introduction, definition of different terms, basic concepts. Importance of mycology in agriculture, relation of fungi to human affairs. History of mycology. Concepts of nomenclature and classification, fungal biodiversity, reproduction in fungi.
• The comparative morphology, ultrastructure, characters of different groups of fungi up to generic level: (a) Myxomycota and (b) Eumycota- i) Mastigomycotina ii) Zygomycotina, iii)Ascomycotina, iv) Basidiomycotina, v) Deuteromycotina.
• Lichens types and importance, fungal genetics and variability in fungi.

Unit-II

• Methods to prove Koch’s postulates with biotroph and necrotroph pathogens., Pure culture techniques. Use of selective media to isolate pathogens. Preservation of plant pathogens and disease specimens.
• Use of centrifuge, pH meter, micrometer, haemocytometer, camera lucida. Microscopic techniques and staining methods, phase contrast system. chromatography, Use of electron microscope, spectrophotometer, ultracentrifuge and electrophoretic apparatus.
• Disease diagnostics, serological and molecular techniques for detection of plant pathogens. Evaluation of fungicides, bactericides etc.Field experiments, data collection.Preparation of manuscripts.Importance, definitions and concepts of plant diseases.

Unit-III

• History and growth of plant pathology, biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases., Growth, reproduction, survival and dispersal of important plant pathogens.
• Role of environment and host nutrition on disease development, Host parasite interaction, recognition concept and infection. Symptomatology.
• Disease development- role of enzymes, toxins, growth regulators; defense strategies- oxidative burst; Phenolics, Phytoalexins, PR proteins, Elicitors. Altered plant metabolism as affected by plant pathogens.
• Genetics of resistance; ‘R’ genes; mechanism of genetic variation in pathogens. Molecular basis for resistance, marker-assisted selection. Genetic engineering for disease resistance. Disease management strategies.
• History and introduction to phytopathogenic procarya, viz., bacteria, MLOs, spiroplasmas and other fastidious procarya. Importance of phytopathogenic bacteria.
• Evolution, classification and nomenclature of phytopathogenic procarya and list of important diseases caused by them. Growth, nutrition requirements, reproduction, preservation of bacterial cultures and variability among phytopathogenic procarya.
• General biology of bacteriophages, L form bacteria, plasmids and bdellovibrios. Procaryotic inhibitors and their mode of action against phytopathogenic bacteria.
• Survival and dissemination of phytopathogenic bacteria. Soil as an environment for plant pathogens, nature and importance of rhizosphere and rhizoplane, host exudates, soil and root inhabiting fungi. Types of biocontrol agents.
• Inoculum potential and density in relation to host and soil variables, Competition, predation, antibiosis and fungistasis. Suppressive soils, biological control- concepts and potentialities for managing soil borne pathogens.
• History of plant viruses, composition and structure of viruses. Symptomatology of important plant viral diseases. Transmission, chemical and physical properties, host virus interaction, virus vector relationship.
• Virus nomenclature and classification, genome organization, replication and movement of viruses. Isolation and purification, electron microscopy, protein and nucleic acid based diagnostics. Mycoviruses, phytoplasma arbo and baculo viruses, satellite viruses, satellite RNAs, phages, Viroids, prions.
• Principles of the working of electron-microscope and ultra- microtome. Origin and evolution, mechanism of resistance. genetic engineering, ecology, and listing of important diseases and their management.

UNIT-IV

• Principles of plant disease management by cultural, physical, biological, chemical, organic amendments and botanicals methods of plant disease control. Integrated control measures of plant diseases. Disease resistance and molecular approach for disease management.
• Foliage, seed and soil application of chemicals, role of stickers, spreaders and other adjuvants, health vis-a-vis environmental hazards, residual effects and safety measures.
• History of fungicides, bactericides, antibiotics, concepts of pathogen, immobilization, chemical protection and chemotherapy. Nature, properties and mode of action of antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral chemicals.
• History and development of chemicals, definition of pesticides and related terms; advantages and disadvantages of chemicals. Classification of chemeicals based on chemical nature and mode of action used in plant disease control and their management.
• Chemicals in plant disease control, viz., fungicides bactericides and botanicals. Formulations and applications of different fungicides; chemotherapy and phytotoxicity of fungicides. Handling, storage and precautions for using fungicides; compatibility with other agrochemicals, persistence, cost-benefit ratio, factor affecting fungicides.
• General account off plant protection appliances; environmental pollution, residues and health hazards, fungicidal resistance in plant pathogens and its management.
• Concept of biological control, definition, importance, principles of plant disease management with bioagents, history of biological control, merits and demerits of biological control.
• Types of biological interactions, competitions, mycoparasitism, exploitation for hypovirulence, rhizosphere colonization, competitive saprophytic ability, antibiosis, induced mechanism and its relevance in biological control. Factors governing biological control, role of physical environment, agroecosystem, operational mechanisms and cultural practices in biological control of plant patholgens, biocontrol agents, comparative approaches to biological control of plant pathogens b resident and introduced antagonists, control of soil-borne and foliar diseases.
• Compatibility of different bio-agents. Commercial production of antagonists, their delivery systems, application and monitoring. biological control in IDM, IDM and organic farming system, bio-pesticides available in market. Quality control system of bio-control agents.

UNIT-V

• History and economic importance of seed pathology in seed industry, plant quarantine and SPS under WTO. Morphology and anatomy of typical monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. infected seeds.
• Recent advances in the establishment and subsequent causes of disease development in seed and seedling. Localization and mechanism of seed transmission in relation to seed infection, seed to plant transmission of pathogens.
• Seed certification and tolerance limits, types of losses caused b seed borne diseases in true and vegetative propagated seeds. Epidemiological factors influencing the transmission of seed borne diseases, forecasting of epidemics through seed borne infection.
• Production of toxic metabolites affecting seed quality and its impact on human, animal and plant health.

Botany

Unit I

• Cryptogams and Phanerogams: A General account, Diagnostic features for classification of flowering plants; ICN, Taxonomic Tools and evidences, Nature, causes and classification of plant pathogen; Dissemination and methods of preservation and control of plant diseases, Host- parasite relationship, plant defense mechanism.

Unit II

• Fungal and Bacterial disease of plant crops- rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, cotton and groundnut; fruit crops- apple, peach, mango, citrus and grapes; vegetable crops- crucifers, tomato, potato and brinjal; other crops- tobacco, turmeric and coriander.
• Introduction to mushroom groups, taxonomic study of order Agaricales, Ecology of mushrooms, role of mushrooms in forest ecosystems, Mycorrhiza: VAM fungi, ectomycorrhiza and forest ecosystem.
• Tissue culture of wild mushrooms; Preparation of herbarium: methods of collection, identification and preserving wild mushrooms. Cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms: Volvariella, Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinus, Ganoderma.

Unit III

• Physiology and Biochemistry: Functions of biological molecules, cell and organisms as biochemical entities; Metabolism and biochemical energetic.
• Palynology: General Introduction and history, Importance of Palynology in plant taxonomy, pollen biotechnology, aerobiology and pollen allergy, forensic palynology, melissopalynology, palaeopalynology and in hydrocarbon exploration.

Unit IV

• Plant Breeding: Objectives, activities and achievements. Breeding methods for self, cross pollinated and clonal crops; Breeding for resistance to various stresses and quality; Biotechnology applications in crop improvement, IPR and plant breeders rights (PBR). Green Revolution.

Unit V

• Biodiversity: Concept, biodiversity of major groups including microbial biodiversity, distribution, maintenance and loss of biodiversity.
• Conservation of Biodiversity: Concept, Environmental policies, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Botanical Gardens, Pollen storage and Seed Banks, Tissue culture and role of biotechnology in conservation of biodiversity; Cryopreservation.
• CITES, IUCN, Ethnobotany: A General account. Forest types of Uttarakhand and other Himalayan provinces, Forest heritage in Garhwal Himalaya; Classification; forest products (NTFPs, medicinal and aromatic plants, fibre, etc.),

Chemistry

Unit I

• Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory).
• Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding, industrial importance of the compounds.
• Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms.
• Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications.
• Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity. Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis. Cages and metal clusters.
• Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron- transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine.
• Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids.

Unit II

• Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly- solvable systems: particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling.
• Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules.
• Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications; thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions.
• Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions.

Unit III

• Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.
• Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways.
• Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis.
• Pericyclic reactions – electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry.

Unit IV

• Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).
• Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids.
• Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization.

Unit V

• Characterization of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques.
• Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis.
• Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-VIS, 1H & 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

Mathematics

UNIT – I Linear Algebra

• Vector spaces, subspaces, linear dependence, basis, dimension, algebra of linear transformations.
• Algebra of matrices, rank and determinant of matrices, linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
• Matrix representation of linear transformations. Change of basis, canonical forms, diagonal forms, triangular forms, Jordan forms.
• Inner product spaces, orthonormal basis. Quadratic forms, reduction and classification of quadratic forms.

UNIT – II Complex Analysis

• Algebra of complex numbers, the complex plane, polynomials, power series, Transcendental functions such as exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.
• Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations. Contour integral, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Liouville’s theorem, Taylor series, Laurent series, and calculus of residues.

UNIT – II Algebra

• Permutations, combinations, Euler’s Ø- function, primitive roots. Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphism, cyclic groups, permutation groups, Cayley’s theorem, class equations, Sylow theorems.
• Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique factorization domain, principal ideal domain, Euclidean domain. Polynomial rings and irreducibility criteria.
• Fields, finite fields, field extensions, Galois Theory.

UNIT – III Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)

• Existence and uniqueness of solutions of initial value problems for first order ordinary differential equations, singular solutions of first order ODEs, system of first order Odes.
• General theory of homogenous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs, variation of parameters, Sturm-Liouville boundary problem, Green’s function.

UNIT – III Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)

• Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order PDEs, Cauchy problem for first order PDEs.
• Classification of second order PDEs, General solution of higher order PDEs with constant Coefficients.
• Method of separation of variables for Laplace, Heat and Wave equations.

UNIT – IV Numerical Analysis

• Numerical solutions of algebraic equations, Method of iteration and Newton- Raphson method, Rate of convergence, Solution of systems of linear algebraic equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss-Seidel methods.
• Finite differences, Lagrange, Hermite and spline interpolation, Numerical differentiation and integration, Numerical solutions of ODEs using Picard, Euler, modified Euler and Runge-Kutta methods.

UNIT -V

• Descriptive statistics, exploratory data analysis Sample space, discrete probability, independent events, Bayes theorem.
• Random variables and distribution functions (univariate and multivariate); expectation and moments. Independent random variables, marginal and conditional distributions. Characteristic functions.
• Standard discrete and continuous univariate distributions. Linear programming problem, simplex methods, duality.
• Elementary queuing and inventory models. Steady-state solutions of Markovian queuing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited waiting space, M/M/C,M/M/C with limited waiting space, M/G/1.

Biotechnology

Unit I

• Plasma membrane: Structure, organization, lipid bilayer, proteins & glycoconjugates, liposomes. Function- Ionic transport, types of transport (symport antiport, active & passive,), channel proteins.
• Intracellular compartmentalization Structure, organization and functions of Nucleus, Mitochondria, lysosome, Golgi body, Chloroplast, Peroxisome, Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough and smooth).
• Cell motility and shape: Structure and functions, Microfilament, Microtubules and Intermediate filament.

Unit II

• Mechanism of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Reverse transcription, Post transcriptional processing of RNA: (capping, polyadenylation, splicing, RNA editing), Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Unit III

• DNA sequencing: chemical and enzymatic methods, PCR. Site directed mutagenesis, Ribonuclease protection assay, Gel retardation assay, DNA foot printing, DNA finger printing, DNA profiling, Genomic analysis: Exon-intron trapping, S-1 mapping, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP.
• Gene therapy: Principles, strategies and ethics of gene therapy, Sequence alignment and applications: Local and Global alignment, Scoring Matrices; Homology and related concepts; Dot matrix; general gap, gap penalty.

Unit IV

• Spectroscopic methods: principle and applications of UV-visible, IR, NMR, ESR.
• Measurement of radioactivity: GM Counter, gamma counter, liquid scintillation counter. Tracer techniques of Autoradiography, Radioimmunoassay, Chromatography – General principle, types and application.
• Electrophoresis – General principle and application, Centrifugation: Basic principles. Common centrifuges used in laboratory, Microscopy.

Unit V

• Carbohydrate – Classification, structure and functions, TCA cycle, Glycolysis, Amino acids & Proteins structures, Introduction to Monoclonal Antibodies and Hybridoma technology, Antigen- Antibody Interactions: Precipitation Reaction, Agglutination Reactions, RIA, ELISA, Western Blotting, Immuno precipitation, Immuno-fluorescence.

Zoology

Animal Diversity

• General characters and Classification of Non Chordate Phyla, General character and Classification of chordates.

Cell Biology

• Theories in Origin of cell and cell as a unit of life, Structure of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Cell, Cellular Organelles and their functions: Plasma membrane and its various models, ionic transport, type of transport, cell cycle and its regulation.
• Molecular basis of signal transduction. Cancer and its types, Apoptosis and necrosis, oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene Viral and cellular oncogene.

Molecular Biology

• DNA replication. Genetic code. Transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes’ Synthesis and processing. Mutations & DNA repair systems.
• Theories in support of DNA as a genetic material, The central Dogma of Molecular Biology.
• DNA: Structure and conformation, supercoiling, packing of DNA into chromosomes. Structural polymorphism of DNA & RNA. Three-dimensional structure of t-RNA. Cell communication and cell signaling.

Genetics

• Mendelian laws (Law of dominance, Law of Independent assortment,)Exception of Mendelian laws, lethal allele, multiple alleles gene interaction (modification of dihybrid ratios) Sex linked inheritance, linkage and crossing over, Fine Structure of gene, Giant Chromosome (Polytene and lamp brush chromosome), Pedigree analysis in man, genetic disorders, cytoplasmic inheritance and extrachromosomal inheritance, Operon hypothesis, Hardy-Weinberg law and its application, Mutation and its types.

Evolution and Systematics

• Concepts of organic evolution and evolutionary theories. Origin of life (including aspects of prebiotic environment and molecular evolution). Micro and macroevolution. Synthetic theory of evolution, Natural selection. History of animal taxonomy.
• Species concepts (Typological, Nominalist, Biological and Evolutionary). Linnean hierarchy. Zoological Nomenclature: ICZN; Taxon, Rank and Categories. Preparation of Keys, Techniques of museum preparation.
• The evolutionary time scale; Eras, periods and epoch; Major events in the evolutionary time scale; Origins of unicellular and multi cellular organisms; Stages in primate evolution including Homo.

Biostatistics and Tools and Techniques

• Calculation of mean, median, mode, range, variance, standard deviation. Concepts of co-efficient of variation, skewness & kurtosis. Simple correlation.
• Elementary idea of random variables. Students-t, chi-square and F-test of significance. Introduction to some distributions of random variables: Binomial, Poisson, normal.
• Microscopy, principle & applications – Light microscope and phase contrast microscope,Fluorescence microscope, Electron microscope, General Principle and applications of, Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Flame photometer.
• Separation techniques- Chromatography, principal type and applications. Electrophoresis, Centrifugation, Ultra centrifuge.

Animal Physiology

• Physiology of digestion & absorption: Mechanism of Digestion and absorption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
• Physiology of respiration: Exchange of respiratory gases at the pulmonary surface. Transport of respiratory gases by blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Neural and chemical control of respiration.
• Physiology of cardiovascular system: Characteristics of vertebrate cardiac muscle. Initiation, conduction and regulation of heart beat. ECG and myocardial infarction. Blood pressure and its regulation. Blood groups. Coagulation of blood.
• Physiology of excretion: Formation of urine: Functional anatomy of the kidney. Glomerular filtration and its control. Counter current mechanism. Functions of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone and renin-angiotensin system in renal physiology.
• Nervous system: Functional differentiation of brain, Neuron – the basic functional unit. Ionic basis of resting and action potentials of neurons, Mechanism of synaptic transmission. Reflexes and types of reflexes. Mechanism of thermoregulation in poikilotherms, homeotherms and heterotherms.
• Developmental Biology: Potency, commitment, Specification, Cell Fate and Cell lineages, Stem Cells, Programmed cell death, Aging and Senescence. Development and differentiation of sperm and oocytes, capacitation, vitellogenesis. Mechanism of fertilization acrosomal reaction, cortical reaction and fertilization membrane. Blocks to polyspermy, Parthenogenesis.
• Cellular differentiation (transcriptional regulation of gene expression, differential RNA processing and translation). axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis -eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination.

Ecology

• Definition, Scope, Importance, Application. Limiting Factors: Liebig’s law of the minimum, Shelford’s law of tolerance. Combined concept of limiting factor, Factor interaction. Homeostasis.
• Biogeochemical cycle (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon & water cycle). Ecosystem. Concept; Energy flow; Food chains & Ecological pyramids.
• Habitat Ecology: Concept of habitats & ecological niche. Population: Concept & attributes: Biotic potential, Density, Natality, Mortality; Intrinsic rate of natural increase, survivorship curves. Population growth forms; Carrying capacity; Population regulation (Density dependent and independent).
• Community: Concept & characteristics: Density, Dominance, Diversity& Stratification. Succession of communities; Key stone species.

Immunology

• Overview of The Immune System. Cells and Organs of The Immune System. Antigens, Haptens& Epitopes.
• Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function. Major Histocompatibility Complex. Cytokines, Cell mediated cytotoxicity: Mechanism of T cell & NK cell mediated lysis. Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity.
• Introduction to Transplantation. Vaccines: Active and Passive Immunization Introduction to Monoclonal Antibodies and Hybridoma technology.
• Antigen-Antibody Interactions: Precipitation Reaction, Agglutination Reactions, RIA, ELISA, Western Blotting, Immuno precipitation, Immuno-fluorescence.

Medical Anatomy

General Anatomy

• General Anatomy, General Embryology, General Histology, Recent advances.
• Upper Limb, Thorax, Applied Anatomy, Relevant Osteology, Relevant Embryology, Relevant Histology.
• Lower Limb, Abdomen & Pelvis, Applied Anatomy, Relevant Osteology, Relevant Embryology, Relevant Histology.
• Head and Neck, Applied Anatomy, Relevant Osteology, Relevant Embryology, Relevant Histology.
• Brain – Neuroanatomy, Applied Anatomy, Relevant Embryology, Relevant Histology.
• Histological Techniques.
• Genetics.
• Evolution.
• History of Anatomy.
• Embalming.

Medical Biochemistry

Unit-I

• Chemical constituents of life; Biomolecules and Cell, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Amino acids, Nucleic Acid, Nucleotides, enzymes, vitamins.

Unit-II

• Physiological biochemistry; digestion and absorption, Plasma proteins, Hemoglobin and porphyrins, Biological oxidation.

Unit-III

• Metabolisms; Introduction, Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, integration of metabolism, mineral metabolism.

Unit-IV

• Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition; Hormones, Organ function tests, water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, Tissue proteins and body fluids, Nutrition.

Unit-V

• Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; DNA replication, recombination, repair, transcription and translation, regulation of gene expression, recombinant DNA and biotechnology.

Unit-VI

• Current topics; Human genome project, Gene therapy, Bioinformatics, Metabolism of xenobiotics (detoxification), prostaglandins and related compounds, biological membranes and transport, free radicals, antioxidants, environmental biochemistry, insulin, glucose hemostasis, diabetes mellitus, cancer, AIDS.

Medical Physiology

Unit- I Cellular Physiology

• Functional organization of human body, body fluids, internal environment and its control (homeostasis), cell membrane and transport across it.

Unit- II Blood

• Red blood cells, production and destruction, Formation of hemoglobin, WBCs, leukopoiesis, life span, Functions, immunity, Anemias, Agranulocytosis. Blood transfusion Transplantation of tissue organs, Haemostasias, Blood coagulation.

Unit-III Cardiovascular System

• Physiology of the cardiac muscles, cardiac cycle, conductive system of the heart, Regulation of cardiac function, normal ECG, Cardiac output, methods of measurement and regulation, Venous return, heart sounds, Cardiac failure, cardiac reserve, Hemodynamics.
• Systemic circulation of blood, Regulation of systemic arterial pressure, Hypertension, coronary circulation, ischemic heart diseases, Circulatory shock, pulmonary circulation, cutaneous circulation, cerebral circulation, muscle blood flow, splanchnic circulation.

Unit-IV Renal Physiology

• Formation of urine by the Kidney – RBF, GFR, tubular absorption and secretion. Concentration and dilution the urine. Role of kidney in the regulation of blood volume and acid-base balance, Micturition reflex and abnormalities, Renal function test, Diuretics, Artificial kidney (dialysis).

Unit-V Respiratory System

• Mechanics of respiration, Artificial respiration, Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood and interstitial fluids, Nervous and chemical regulation of respiration, Abnormality of respiratory control, pulmonary function tests, hypoxia, hyperventilation and related restrictive & obstructive lesions.

Unit-VI Environment & Sports physiology

• Aviation, high altitude and space physiology, physiology of deep-sea diving.

Unit-VII Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System

• G.I. Motility and its control, Secretary functions of G.I.T. Bile and Bile secretion. Digestive and absorptive function of the G.I.T. Metabolic functions of liver, liver function tests.

Unit-8 Endocrine System

• Hormones secreted by various glands and their applied- Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland.

Unit-9 Reproduction

• Spermatogenesis. Testosterone, Menstrual cycle, ovarian hormones, Regulation of the menstrual cycle, Physiological basis of contraception, Fertilization of ovum, implantation, formation of placenta, Hormonal factors in pregnancy.

Unit-10 Musculo – Skeletal System

• Physiology of nerve fibers, mechanism of nerve conduction, mechanism of muscle contraction, Excitation- contraction- coupling, the motor units, Neuromuscular transmission, smooth muscle.

Unit-11 Neuro – physiology

• Organization of the nervous system, Synaptic transmission, Action potential Sensory receptors, Somatic sensation, physiology of pain, Motor functions of spinal cord, Spinal reflexes, Reticular formation, Vestibular apparatus, Equilibrium and control of posture, Basal ganglia, cerebellum, reticular activating system, Wakefulness and sleep, EEG, limbic system Hypothalamus, Higher functions of brain.

Unit-12 Special Senses

• Optics of vision, photoreceptor mechanism in the retina, colour vision, Errors of refraction, colour blindness, Visual pathway, visual cortex, Field of vision, Eye Movements and their control, Control of pupil and accommodation, The tympanic membrane, Transmission of sound, Functions of organs of Corti, auditory Pathway, Mechanism and abnormalities of hearing. Sense of taste, Sense of smell.

Political Science

Unit-I Political Theory

• Liberty, Equality, Justice, Rights, Democracy, Power, Citizenship, Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Feminism.

Unit-II Indian and western political thinkers

• Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Kautilya, Swami, M. K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, M. N. Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan.

Unit-III Comparative Politics

• Approaches: Institutional, Political Culture, Political Elite, Actor and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties and Party System, Social movements, System Theory.

Unit-IV International Relations

• Approaches to the study of international relations: Idealism, Realism, Neorealism, world system theory, Balance of Power, collective Security: International Organisations: League of nation, UNO, WTO, Human Rights.

Unit-V India’s Foreign Policy

• India’s relations in Multipolar World: USA, USSR/Russia, People’s Republic of China, India’s relations with European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, SAARC, Gujral doctrine, Look East/ Act East, Look West.

Unit-VI Indian political system

• Constituent Assembly: of India, Union Executive, Union Parliament, Judiciary, and, Local Government Institutions, Federalism in India, fundamental Rights, directive principle of state policy.

Unit-VII Public Administration

• Meaning Nature and scope of Public Administration, Principles of Organization, Hierarchy, unity of command, span of control.

History

Unit-I

• Negotiating the Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, Excavation, Epigraphy and Numismatics. Literary Sources: Indigenous Literature, Foreign Accounts, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phase: Indus/Harappa Civilization, Vedic and later Vedic periods; Megaliths of South India. Mahajanapadas, Emergence of heterodox sects-Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivikas.

Unit-II

• Rise of Magadha, Greek invasion, Mauryan expansion, Mauryan art and architecture, Emergence of Regional Powers: Indo-Greeks, Sungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Saka-Ksatrapas, Sangam literature, Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools. Gupta, Vakataka age, Beginning of Temple Architecture, Harsha and his Times.

Unit-III

• Kingdoms in Deccan: Gangas, Kadmabas, Western and Eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas and Yadavas. Kingdoms in South India: Pallavas, Ceras, Colas and Pandyas.
• Kingdoms in Eastern India: Palas and Senas of Bengal, Varmans of Kamarupa, Bhaumakaras and Somavamsis of Odisha. Kingdoms in Western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat.
• Kingdoms in North India: Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras. Vaisnavism and Saivism; Tamil Bhakti movement – Shankara, Madhava and Ramanujacharya. Growth of Regional Languages.

Unit-IV

• Literary sources – Persian, Sanskrit and Regional languages; Foreign Travellers’ Accounts -Political Developments – The Delhi Sultanate – the Ghorids, the Turks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids and the Lodis. Decline of Delhi Sultanate.
• Foundation of the Mughal Empire – Babur, Humayun and the Suris Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire. The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis – Deccan Sultanate; Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Berar and Ahmadnagar, Eastern Gangas, Rise of the Marathas & the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji; its expansion under the Peshwa.

Unit-V

• Sher Shah’s Administrative Reforms; Mughal Administration – Central, Provincial and Local Mansabdari and Jagirdari Systems. The Vijayanagara Bahamani Administrative System; Maratha Administration – Asta Pradhan.

Unit-VI

• The Sufis – Their Orders, Beliefs and Practices, Bhakti Movement – Shaivism; Vaishnavism, Shaktism. Women Saints of Medieval India. The Sikh Movement – Guru Nanak Dev: his teachings and practices, Fine Arts – Major Schools of Painting – Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Garhwali; Development of Music. Art and Architecture, Indo-Islamic Architecture, Mughal Architecture.

Unit-VII

• Rise of British Power, Portuguese, Dutch, French and the British. Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India. Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Carnatic and Punjab.
• Revolt of 1857, Causes, Nature and Impact. Constitutional Changes, 1909 – 1935.

Unit-VIII

• Colonial Economy: Expansion and Commercialization of Agriculture, Land Rights, Land Settlements, Rural Indebtedness, Landless Labour, Irrigation and Canal System. Decline of Industries Economic Drain; Labour and Trade Union Movements.
• Monetary Policy, Banking, Currency and Exchange, Railways and Road Transport, Communications – Post & Telegraph. Tribal and Peasant Movements.
• Indian Renaissance – Socio-Religious Reforms; Women’s Organisations.

Unit-IX

• Rise of Indian Nationalism: Birth of Indian National Congress; Ideologies and Programmes of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1920: Early Nationalists, Swadeshi and Swaraj.
• Gandhian Mass Movements; Shubash Chandra Bose and INA; Women Participation in National Movement. Left Wing Politics. Depressed Class Movement. Communal Politics; Muslim League and Genesis of Pakistan.
• Towards Independence and Partition. India after Independence: Challenges of Partition; Integration of the Indian Princely States; Kashmir, Hyderabad & Junagarh.

Unit-X

• Historical Method, Research, Methodology and Historiography: Scope and Importance of History Objectivity and Bias in History Heuristics Operation, Criticism in History, Synthesis and Presentation History and its Auxiliary Sciences.
• History a Science, Arts or a Social Science Causation and Imagination in History Significance of Regional History Recent Trends of Indian History Research Methodology Hypothesis in History Area of Proposed Research Sources – Data Collection, Primary / Secondary, Original and Transit Sources.
• Trends in Historical Research Recent Indian Historiography Selection of Topic in History Notes Taking, References, Footnotes and Bibliography Thesis and Assignment Writing Plagiarism, Intellectual Dishonesty and History Writing.
• Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman and Church Historiography Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing Negative and Positive Schools of Historical Writing Berlin Revolution in History Writing – Von Ranke Marxist Philosophy of History – Scientific Materialism.
• Cyclical Theory of History – Oswald Spengler Challenge and Response Theory – Arnold Joseph Toynbee Post – Modernism in History.

Medical Microbiology

Unit I: General Microbiology

• History of microbiology, Microscopy, Bio-safety including universal containment, personal protective equipment for biological agents, Physical and biological containment, Isolation precautions including standard precautions and transmission-based precautions, Sterilization, disinfection and lyophilization.
• Morphology of bacteria and other microorganisms, Nomenclature and classification of microorganisms.
• Normal flora of human body, Growth and nutrition of bacteria, Bacterial metabolism, Bacterial toxins, Bacteriocins, Microbiology of hospital environment, Microbiology of air, milk and water, Host-parasite relationship, antimicrobial agents and mechanisms drug resistance, Bacterial genetics and bacteriophages.
• Molecular genetics relevant for medical microbiology, Quality assurance and quality control in microbiology, Accreditation of laboratories.

Unit II: Immunology

• Components of immune system, Innate and acquired immunity, Cells involved in immune response, Antigens, Immunoglobulins, Mucosal immunity, Complement, Antigen and antibody reactions, Hypersensitivity, Cell mediated immunity, Cytokines, Immunodeficiency, Auto-immunity, Immune tolerance, MHC complex.

Unit III: Systematic bacteriology

• Isolation and identification of bacteria, Gram positive cocci of medical importance including Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, anaerobic cocci etc., Gram negative cocci of medical importance including Neisseria, Branhamella, Moraxella etc.
• Gram positive bacilli of medical importance including Lactobacillus, Coryneform organisms, Bacillus and aerobic bacilli, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Actinobacillus and other actinomycetales, Erysipelothrix, Listeria, Clostridium and other spore bearing anaerobic bacilli etc.
• Gram negative bacilli of medical importance including Vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella, Gardnerella, Pseudomonas and other non-fermenters, Pasteurella, Francisella, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia and other anaerobic gram negative bacilli etc.
• Helicobacter, Campylobacter, Calymmatobacterium, Streptobacillus, Spirillum and miscellaneous bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacteria, Spirochaetes, Chlamydia, Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Acholeplasma and other Mycoplasmas., Rickettsiae, Coxiella, Bartonella etc.

Unit III: Mycology (Note: PDF has two Unit III sections, assuming this is the second part)

• General characteristics and classification of fungi, Morphology and reproduction of fungi, Isolation and identification of fungi, Tissue reactions to fungi, Yeasts and yeast like fungi of medical importance including Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Trichosporon, Geotrichum, Saccharomyces etc.
• Mycelial fungi of medical importance including Aspergillus, Zygomycetes, Pseudallescheria, Fusarium, Piedra, other dematiaceous hyphomycetes and other hyalohyphomycetes etc.
• Dimorphic fungi including Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Sporothrix, Penicillium marneffei etc.
• Dermatophytes, Fungi causing Mycetoma, Chromoblatomycosis, Occulomycosis and Otomycosis.
• Pythium insidiosum, Prototheca, Pneumocystis jirovecii infection, Rhinosporidium seeberi and Lacazia loboi (Loboa loboi), Laboratory contaminant fungi, Mycetism and mycotoxicosis, Antifungal agents and in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests.

Unit IV: Virology

• General properties of viruses, Classification of viruses, Morphology: Virus structure, Virus replication.
• Isolation and identification of viruses, Pathogenesis of viral infections, Genetics of viruses, DNA viruses of medical importance including Pox viruses, Herpes viruses, Adeno viruses, Hepadna virus, Papova and Parvo viruses etc.
• RNA viruses of medical importance including Enteroviruses, Toga viruses, Flavi viruses, Orthomyxo viruses, Paramyxo viruses, Reo viruses, Rhabdo viruses, Arena viruses, Bunya viruses, Retro viruses, Filo viruses, Human immunodeficiency virus, Arbo viruses, Corona viruses, Calci viruses etc.
• Slow viruses including prions, Unclassified viruses, Hepatitis viruses, Viriods, prions, Vaccines and anti-viral drugs.

Unit V: Parasitology

• General characters and classification of parasites. Methods of identification of parasites.
• Protozoan parasites of medical importance including Entamoeba, Free living amoebae, Giardia, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium, Cyclospora Isospora, Babesia, Balantidium, etc.
• Helminthology of medical importance including those belonging to Cestoda (Diphyllobothrium, Taenia, Echinococcus, Hymenolepis, Dipyllidium, Multiceps etc.), Trematoda (Schistosomes, Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Gastrodiscoides, Paragonimus, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis etc.) and Nematoda (etc.).
• Entomology: common arthropods and other vectors viz. mosquito, sand fly, ticks, mite, cyclops, louse, myasis. Anti-parasitic agents.

Unit VI: Applied Microbiology

• Epidemiology of infectious diseases. Antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy. Hospital acquired infections.
• Management of biomedical waste. Investigation of an infectious outbreak in hospital and community.
• Infections of various organs and systems of human body viz. respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, central nervous system infections, congenital infections, reproductive tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, hepatitis, pyrexia of unknown origin, infections of eye, ear and nose, septicaemia, endocarditis, haemorrhagic fever etc.
• Opportunistic infections. Sexually transmitted diseases. Vaccinology: principles, methods of preparation, administration of vaccines, types of vaccines.
• Information technology (Computers) in microbiology. Automation in Microbiology. Molecular techniques in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. Statistical analysis of microbiological data and research methodology. Animal and human ethics involved in microbiological work. Safety in laboratory and Laboratory management.

Education

Unit-I

• Philosophical & Sociological Bases of education.

Unit-II

• Advanced Educational Psychology.

Unit-III

• Research methodology and Statistics in Education.

Unit-IV

• Comparative Education and Curriculum Development.

Management

UNIT I -Management

• Definition and scope, Management functions and process, Management Roles and Skills, Historical background of management, Managing Internal (Organizational Culture) and External Environment, Social responsibility and Managerial Ethics, Managerial Decision making- Process, Types of problems and decisions, Decision making conditions & styles.
• Planning-meaning, process, purpose, establishing goals, developing plans issues in planning, Strategic management -process, formulating and implementing strategies, types of strategies.
• Organizing- definition, Organizational Structure and design options and decisions, Staffing, Managing change and innovation.
• Leading- Foundations of behavior, understanding groups and teams, Motivating employees- motivation theories, current issues, Leadership- Theories, issues, styles.
• Controlling – Definition, importance, process, types, contingency factors, contemporary issues, Effective control system, Operations and value chain management.

UNIT II – Finance

• Accounting Process leading to preparation of Trial Balance and Financial Statements – Analysis of Financial Statements – Fund Flow Statements – Cash Flow Statements – Cost Accounting – Methods and Techniques of Costing.
• Cost of Capital – Weighted Average and Marginal Concept – Application in Capital Budgeting decisions – Capital Expenditure decisions – Working Capital Management – Working Capital requirements – Financing Working Capital requirements.
• Indian Financial System – Financial Markets – Financial Institutions – Financial Instruments – Financial Services.

UNIT III- Human Resource Management

• HRM- Definition, importance, process, Human resources planning, HR demand supply forecast. Job analysis and job design. Recruitment, Selection, Placement, Orientation of employees.
• Employee Training- Meaning, scope, importance, process, methods. Skill training, Management development.
• Employee performance management- meaning, process, importance, Performance appraisal methods.

UNIT IV- Marketing

• Nature and scope of sales management; Sales Force Management; Designing Sales Territories and sales quotas; Need and scope of distribution management; marketing channels strategy, levels of channels, Retailing wholesaling, designing channel systems, Channel management.
• Logistics and supply chain management; Consumer Behaviour: Consumer Motivation, Personality, Perception, Attitude, Learning and its impact on Consumer Behaviour; Socio-Cultural settings and Consumer Behaviour.
• Quantitative Models in Marketing, Branding & Brand Management; Developing and measuring Brand Equity; Use of Internet and Social Media in marketing; Role of service sector in the economy & its contribution to GDP; Distinctions between Services and Goods & its marketing.

Unit V: Biostatics and Research Methodology

• Types of research, Types of research designs, Qualitative and quantitative research, applied research, Sampling methods, and Preparation of research proposal.
• Basic statistics- Overview of Statistics, Classifying Data to convey meaning, Measures of Central Tendency Mean, Median & Mode, Measures of Variation – Range, Average Deviation, Standard Deviation, Software in statistical analysis, Probability, Types of errors in statistics, Tests of significance, and Sample Size.

Commerce

Unit I Accounting

• Basic accounting standard and principles, Journal & Ledger entries, Trial Balance Final A/c (Trading, Profit and Loss Account & Balance Sheet), Partnership Accounts, Company Accounts, Financial Statement Analysis, Ratio Analysis, Cash Flow Analysis.

Unit II Cost & Management Accounting

• Concept of Different Costs, Elements of Costs, Break-Even-Point Analysis, Marginal Costing, Standard Costing, Budgetary Control.

Unit III: Financial Management

• Basic Concept of Financial Management, Time Value of Money, Capital Structure, Capital Budgeting, Cost of Capital, Working Capital Management, Dividend Decisions.

Unit IV: Economics, Banking and International Business

• Business Economics Nature and uses of Business Economics, Demand Analysis and Elasticity of Demand, Curve Analysis Law. Utility Analysis and Indifference of Returns and Law of variable proportion Cost, Revenue, Price determination in different market situation: Perfect competition, Monopolistic competition, Monopoly, Price discrimination and Oligopoly, Pricing Strategies.
• Business Environment and Policy Framework in India, International Business, Balance of Payment, International Banking, Foreign Exchanges and Foreign Trade Policy.
• Banking Structure, Types of Banks & Their Functions, Role Of RBI, SEBI, NABARD & Rural Banking, E- Banking, Financial Institutions, Financial Regulators, Banking Sector Reforms.

Unit V: General Management

• Planning, Decision Making, Organization, Motivation, Leadership, Organization Structure, Organizational Culture, Marketing, Marketing Mix, HR Planning, Recruitment, Selection, Job Description, Job Analysis, Job Specification, Training & Development, Performance Appraisal.

Unit VI: Taxation and Law

• Basic Concepts, Residential Status, Incidence of Tax for Different Tax Payers, Exempted Incomes, Heads of Income, Deductions and Rebates, Indian Contract Act, 1872, Sale of Goods Act, 1930, RTI Act, Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Goods and Services Tax (GST), The Companies Act, 2013.

Pharmaceutical Sciences

UNIT 1- PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

• Introduction to pharmaceutical chemistry: definition, scope, and importance.
• Basics of organic chemistry: structure and reactivity of organic molecules, functional groups, isomerism, and stereochemistry.
• Medicinal chemistry: design and development of drugs, drug targets, drug-receptor interactions, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetics.
• Biochemistry: biomolecules, enzymes, metabolic pathways, and their role in drug action and metabolism.
• Prodrugs and drug lamentation- Carrier linked prodrugs, Bio precursors, Protein Binding and Boosterism.
• Basic principles of analytical chemistry: qualitative and quantitative analysis, gravimetric and volumetric analysis, and acid-base titrations.
• Instrumental methods of analysis: spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry, Quality control.

UNIT 2- PHARMACOLOGY

• Introduction to pharmacology: definition, scope, and importance.
• Mechanism of drug action: drug-receptor interactions, signal transduction pathways, and molecular targets.
• Classification of drugs: based on their pharmacological activity, chemical structure, and therapeutic uses.
• Pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
• Preclinical evaluation: Pharmacological evaluation of acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity studies. Guidelines of regulatory agencies CPCSEA, WHO, FDA, etc.

UNIT 3- PHARMACEUTICS

• Pharmaceutical dosage forms: types, formulations, and factors affecting drug absorption and bioavailability.
• Drug delivery systems: routes of administration, sustained-release systems, and targeted drug delivery.
• Pharmaceutical technology: physical and chemical properties of drugs, stability, and formulation development.
• Biopharmaceutics: Biopharmaceutical classification, dissolution tests, Bioavailability. types of drug delivery systems, Applications of microspheres, Compartment Modeling. Dose adjustment in renal and hepatic failure.

UNIT 4- PHARMACOGNOSY

• Introduction to pharmacognosy: sources, classification, quality control, and adulteration of crude drugs and their detection.
• Extraction techniques: successive and exhaustive extraction and other methods of extraction.
• Separation of phytoconstituents by the latest CCCET and SCFE techniques, including preparative HPLC and flash column chromatography.
• Phytochemistry: chemical constituents of medicinal plants, their isolation, and biological activities.
• Quality control and Standardization of herbal drugs: Significance and determination of Extractive values, Ash values, Heavy metals, Pesticidal residue and microbial load in herbal preparations.

UNIT 5- PHARMACY PRACTICE

• Definition and scope of clinical pharmacy, Concepts in Pharmaceutical Care, Activities of a clinical pharmacist (Drug therapy review, ward round participation, Detection & management of adverse drug reactions, Medication history interview, pharmacist interventions, patient medication counselling), critical evaluation of biomedical literature.
• Definition, aims & scope of pharmacovigilance, Hospital and its organization, Drug distribution systems, Rational drug use, Drug utilization evaluation, Pharmacoeconomic evaluation, Basic clinical pharmacokinetics, Clinical research study designs.
• Introduction to Clinical trials, Various phases of clinical trial, Introduction to Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacoepidemiologic Methods, Pharmacoeconomics, Community.

Cancer Research

Unit I: Fundamentals of cancer

• Introduction to cancer and cancer management, classification of cancers and tumors, Cancer epidemiology.

Unit II: Etiology of cancer

• Etiology of cancer, Tobacco and cancer pathogenesis, Virus mediated oncogenesis (RNA and DNA viruses), inflammation and cancer, Chemical & physical carcinogens, carcinogenesis mechanism, types of carcinogenesis.

Unit III: Molecular Biology of Cancer

• Cellular Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, onco-signaling, cell cycle regulation, Apoptosis, Necrosis, autophagy, senescence, telomeres Gene Regulation.
• Genomic Instability, Angiogenesis and its implication in tumor progression, evolution and pathogenesis of metastasis, Models for metastasis, cancer stem cells.

Unit IV: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy

• Anti-tumor immune response of regulatory T cells, NK cells, immune surveillance theory, tumor associated antigens, evasion of immune surveillance by cancer cells, Principles of immunotherapy, CART cells.

Unit V: Experimental Techniques in Cancer Research

• Cancer cell culture techniques, Cell Proliferation assays, Cancer stem cell assays & Radiolabeling Techniques Gene silencing/ over expression Animal models for cancer.

Yogic science

UNIT-I: Various Systems of Yoga

• Gyanyoga, Bhaktiyoga., Kramayoga, Rajyoga, Hathyoga, Mantrayoga.

UNIT-II: Introduction Of Yogis And Their Sadhna /Accustom System

• Practice Based Tatv Mimansa and Achara Mimansa of Nyas andvaisheshik.
• Practice Based Tatv Mimansa and Achara Mimansa of Samkhya and Yoga.
• Practice Based Tatv Mimansa and Achara Mimansa of Mimansa and Vedanta.
• Ancient – Mahrishi Patanjali, Adi Shankracharya, Gorakshanath Mordan – Swami Vivekanand, Shri Aravind, Mahrishi Raman and Swami Dayanand Saraswa.

UNIT-III: Introduction of Yogic Text

• Patanjali Yoga Sutra, Hathpradipeeka and Gherand Sanhita.
• Shiv Samhita and Yoga Vashisht.
• Sidhsiddhant Paddhati and Hath Ratnawali.

UNIT-IV: Nature of Yoga In Fundamental Upnishad

• Mandukya Upnishad – Four Stages of Conciousness & Relation with Omkar.
• Etreya Upnishad – Soul, Universe & Brahm.
• Taitreeya Upnishad – Short Summary of Panchkosh, Acharyopdesh (Dikshant), Siksha Valli, Anand Valli and Bhrigu Valli.

UNIT-V: Anatomy & Physiology

• Digestive System – structure and function. Physiology of Digestion and effect of yogic practices on the digestive system.
• Respiratory system structure and function and effects of yogic practices on Respiratory system.
• Muscle classification, histology and properties of each type distribution. Mechanism of muscle contraction (brief), neuromuscular transmission (brief).
• Ligaments, tendons, skeletal-bones-types, structural and function, spinal column. Joints type, structure and function. Effect of yoga on Musculo-Skeletal System.

Hospital Administration

Unit I: Introduction to Management

• The evolution of Management, Definition and importance of Management, Different schools of Management thought- classical school, Management Sciences School, Behavioral School, Human Relation School, Operational approach, system approach and contingency approach to Management.
• Hospital Planning, Organizing, Staffing, directing and controlling.

Unit II: Health Systems in India

• Health planning in India including various committees and National Health Policy and Health Goals set from time to time.
• Organised sector with reference to Centre, State, District and Block level structures and local bodies and Panchayati Raj Organisation and functions of community health centres and Primary Health Centres (PHCs).
• Health Manpower, Primary Health care and concept, Alternative systems of medicine, like Ayurveda, Homeopathy, etc.

Unit III: Outpatient & In Patient Services

• Radiotherapy, Nuclear medicine, surgical units, and OT Medical units, G & Obs. units & LR. Pediatric, neonatal units, Critical care units, Physical medicine & Rehabilitation.
• Skin, Eye, ENT, Neurology, Dental, Gastroenterology, Endoscopy, Pulmonology, Cardiology, Cath lab, Nephrology & Dialysis, Urology, Orthopedics, Transplant units, Burn Unit.

Unit IV: Medical Record

• Definition and types of medical record, Importance of medical record, Flow chart of function, Statutory requirements of maintenance, coding, indexing and filing, Computerization of record, Report and returns by the record department, Statistical information and ICD.

Unit V: Biostatics and Research Methodology

• Types of research, Types of research designs, Qualitative and quantitative research, applied research, Sampling methods, and Preparation of research proposal.
• Basic statistics- Measures of central tendencies, dispersion, Uses of graphs and tables, Software in statistical analysis, Probability, Types of errors in statistics, Tests of significance, and Sample Size.

Computer Sciences

Unit-1 Programming Skills and Algorithms

• Procedural programming using C, elementary data structure, data types, arrays, functions, pointers, divide & conquer method, binary search, minimum spanning tree and their algorithm, dynamic programing, backtracking, 8-queen problem.
• DFS, BFS, Analysis of Algorithms, Design of Algorithms, and Complexity of Algorithms, asymptotic notations. Recurrences and Solution of recurrence Equations, Prims Algorithm, Kruskal Algorithm, Single Source.

Unit-2 Computer Network and Architecture

• Boolean algebra and Minimization of Boolean functions, Combinational Circuit Design, Sequential & combinational Circuit Design, decoder, encoder, multiplexer, flip-flops.
• Hardwired and Microprogrammed processor design, Instruction formats, Addressing modes, memory types and organizations, Interfacing peripheral devices, Interrupts.
• Concept of OSI, LAN technologies (Ethernet). Flow and error control techniques, switching. IPv4/IPv6, routers and routing algorithms (distance vector, link state).
• TCP/UDP and sockets, congestion control. Application layer protocols (DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP), authentication, basics of public key and private key cryptography, digital signatures and certificates.

Unit-3 Software Engineering

• Definition, software engineering problem, approach and goals of software engineering.
• Software Processes, component of software processes, characteristics of a software process, SDLC.
• Software requirement, need for SRS, characteristics and component of SRS.
• Software maintenance, adaptive, corrective and perfective maintenance. Computer Aided Software Engineering.

Unit-4 Computer Graphics

• Concepts and applications, display types and display devices, color display technique, Line and circle drawing algorithm.
• 3-D Transformations, matrix representation of all homogeneous coordinates composite transformation.
• Projection, Windowing & clipping, Bezier curves, B-Spline curves, Visible Surface detection Algorithm, A-Buffer, Back face removal.

Unit-5 Operating Systems

• Characteristics &Function of operating system, Virtual memory, paging, fragmentation.
• Concurrent Processing, Mutual exclusion, Critical regions, Semaphores. CPU scheduling, I/O scheduling, resource scheduling, Deadlock and scheduling algorithms. Banker’s algorithm for deadlock handling.

Mass Communications

UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

• Origin, growth and development of communications media – print, film, radio and television Communication Theories – Four Theories of Press and other Theories.
• Fundamentals of Communication – Definition, Nature, Scope, Types and Functions. Communication Models and Theories.
• Fundamentals of Journalism – Definition, Nature, Scope and Functions.

UNIT-2: PRINT MEDIA AND MEDIA LAWS ETHICS

• Qualifications, Duties and Responsibilities of Journalists. Principles and Practices of Editing and Designing.
• Basics of News – Concept, Elements, News Sources, Structure of News, Principles of News Writing Feature Writing. Specialized Reporting.
• Salient Features of Indian Constitution – Preamble, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Rights and Duties. Freedom of Speech and Expression in India.
• Major Media Laws of India. Press Council of India and Press Commissions. Media Ethics and Code of Conduct for Media Professionals.

UNIT-4: ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS (Note: PDF has two Unit 4 sections, assuming this is the first part)

• Fundamentals of Advertising Types, Functions and Significance.
• Fundamentals of Public Relations – Concept, Nature, Scope, Types, Functions and Significance.
• Advertising Agency – Structure, Resources, Functions and Significance.
• Public Relations Management Employee Relations, Supplier Relations, Distributor Relations, Customer Relations, Media Relations, Government Relations, Community Relations etc. Corporate Communication.

UNIT-4 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH (Note: PDF has two Unit 4 sections, assuming this is the second part)

• Fundamentals of Communication Research. Defining Research Problem, Review of Literature, Research Design, Primary Data Collection, Statistical Analysis, Results and Discussion, Testing of Hypothesis, Sampling etc.
• Types of Media Research -Quantitative and Qualitative. Data Collection and Analysis Procedures, Principles and Techniques of Writing Research paper.

UNIT-5 ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA PRODUCTION

• Writing for Electronic Media – Principles and Techniques. Production for Radio and Television. Production of Multi-Media Contents.
• Types of New Media – Computer, Internet, E-mail, Mobile Phone, Video Streaming, Video Conferencing etc.
• Web Designing – Concept, Nature, Scope, Web Language, Presentation, Multi-Media Production.
• Cyber Laws and Ethics.

UNIT-6 Current Affairs

• General Awareness, Important Issues in the world and India – Political, Economic, Trade, Environment and Social Issue etc.

Important Dates

Application Fee

Application fee details are not specified in the current official notification. Candidates are advised to check the official website or future notifications for this information.

How to Apply

The exact step-by-step application process is not detailed in this notification. However, based on typical university admission procedures, candidates are generally required to:

1. Visit the official website of Shri Guru Ram Rai University (www.sgrru.ac.in).
2. Look for the ‘Admissions’ or ‘Research Programs’ section.
3. Find the link for ‘Research Entrance Test (RET) 2026’ or ‘PhD Admissions’.
4. Register online (if applicable) or download the application form.
5. Fill out the application form carefully with all required details.
6. Upload scanned copies of necessary documents (educational certificates, caste certificate, experience certificates, NET/SET/GATE scorecards for exempted candidates, etc.).
7. Pay the application fee through the prescribed online/offline method (if applicable).
8. Submit the application form and take a printout for future reference.
9. Exempted candidates must ensure to submit their application form along with relevant supporting documents within the stipulated period, even if they don’t appear for the written test.

Important Links

Job Profile & Career Scope after PhD

A PhD from SGRRU opens up diverse career opportunities in academia, research, and industry. Graduates can pursue roles such as:

• University Professor/Lecturer: Teaching and mentoring at higher education institutions.
• Research Scientist: Working in R&D departments of government organizations, private companies, or specialized research labs.
• Postdoctoral Fellow: Engaging in advanced research projects at universities or research institutes.
• Consultant: Providing expert advice in their specialized field to various organizations.
• Policy Analyst: Contributing to policy making in government or non-governmental organizations.
• Entrepreneur: Starting their own ventures based on their research and expertise.

The career trajectory often involves continuous learning, publication of research, and active participation in academic and scientific communities.

Preparation Tips for SGRRU RET 2026

Preparing for a PhD entrance test like SGRRU RET requires a strategic approach. Here are some tips:

1. Master Research Methodology (Paper I)

• This paper is common for all subjects. Focus on understanding fundamental concepts of research design, data collection, statistical analysis, and report writing.
• Refer to standard books on research methodology (like those mentioned in the syllabus) and practice MCQs.
• Pay attention to different types of research, ethical considerations, and data interpretation techniques.

2. Deep Dive into Subject-Specific Knowledge (Paper II)

• Thoroughly go through the detailed syllabus for your chosen subject.
• Revise core concepts and theories from your postgraduate studies.
• Solve previous year’s question papers or practice questions related to your subject.
• Identify your strong and weak areas and allocate study time accordingly.

3. Time Management and Mock Tests

• Practice solving papers within the stipulated time to improve speed and accuracy.
• Take full-length mock tests to simulate exam conditions and identify areas for improvement.
• Develop a strategy for attempting MCQs, including how to handle negative marking (if any, though not specified here, it’s common).

4. Stay Updated

• For Research Methodology, be aware of current trends in research and data analysis tools.
• For subject-specific papers, keep abreast of recent developments and advancements in your field.

5. Prepare for Viva Voce

• Start thinking about potential research topics and areas of interest.
• Be prepared to discuss your master’s thesis/dissertation (if any) and your understanding of your chosen field.
• Practice articulating your research ideas and defending your academic background.

Recommended Books

Based on the comprehensive syllabus, here are highly recommended books and resources that can aid your preparation:

Note: These are standard recommended books. Always refer to the official syllabus for specific topics and cross-reference for the latest editions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: What is the minimum eligibility for SGRRU RET 2026?

A1: Candidates must have a Post Graduate Degree with at least 55% marks (or equivalent GPA). A 5% relaxation is provided for SC/ST/OBC (non-creamy layer)/differently-abled categories, requiring 50% marks.

Q2: Is there any exemption from the RET for PhD admission?

A2: Yes, candidates qualified in NET/SET/GATE/GPAT, M.Phil. degree holders, senior citizens (60+ with Master’s), and certain professionals with 10 years of experience and 55% in PG are exempted from the RET. However, they must still submit the application form and supporting documents.

Q3: What is the exam pattern for SGRRU RET 2026?

A3: The RET consists of two papers: Paper-I (Research Methodology) and Paper-II (Subject-Specific). Each paper has 50 MCQs for 50 marks. The total duration is 120 minutes. A minimum of 50% aggregate (45% for reserved categories) is required to qualify for the viva voce.

Q4: When will the application form be released for SGRRU PhD Admission 2026?

A4: The official notification mentions the Research Entrance Test in March 2026, but specific application release and last dates are not yet provided. Candidates should regularly check the official website (www.sgrru.ac.in) for updates.

Q5: Is there any application fee mentioned in the notification?

A5: The application fee details are not specified in the current official notification. Please refer to the university’s official website for this information when the application process begins.

Q6: What happens after qualifying the written test?

A6: Candidates who qualify the written Research Entrance Test (RET) will be required to appear for a viva voce examination of 40 marks. The list of selected candidates will be displayed on the University website.

Q7: Can I pursue a PhD in any subject?

A7: The notification lists various subject areas for Paper II, including Soil Science, Seed Science, Entomology, Plant Pathology, Botany, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biotechnology, Zoology, Medical Anatomy, Medical Biochemistry, Medical Physiology, Political Science, History, Medical Microbiology, Education, Management, Commerce, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Research, Yogic Science, and Hospital Administration. You can pursue a PhD in a subject relevant to your postgraduate specialization.

Q8: Where can I find the list of selected candidates?

A8: The list of selected candidates will be displayed on the official University website: www.sgrru.ac.in.